![]() ![]() Google Pixel phones, for example, have a “Smart Storage” option. Some phones come with extra storage management features. It’s a lot easier to delete these files as you go than comb through thousands of pictures later, when your phone gets full. All of us take pictures that are out of focus or otherwise not good enough to use for anything. On the iPhone, under Settings > Photos, you can enable the “Optimize iPhone storage” option.īut be at least a little picky about the photos you save. Google Photos has an option to “Free up space,” which will back up your photos to your Google account while freeing up space on your phone. On an Android phone or iPhone, head to Settings for your photos app. Plus, he points out that you’re looking at them on a screen that’s just about 6 inches. “So you don’t see all the details of the image anyway,” Fisco says. For example, the iPhone 14 has a 12-megapixel camera but only what amounts to a 2.96-megapixel screen. He notes that high-end smartphones take pictures in much higher resolutions than their screens will support. You might think that doing so would result in blurry or grainy images, but that’s not necessarily true, Fisco says. Photo optimization on your smartphone stores full-resolution versions in the cloud while leaving smaller versions on your phone. With a tap, you can delete any unwanted offender or “off-load” it, which frees up space used by the app but keeps the user data and settings on the phone in case you choose to reinstall it at a later date. Photos and videos are common culprits, of course, but you may be surprised to learn how many gigabytes are being consumed by rarely used apps. ![]() This will bring up a small color-coded bar chart showing how much storage you’re currently using and what’s hogging that space.īelow the bar chart you’ll see suggestions for clearing space by, for example, optimizing photos (more on that later) or removing iMessages with large attachments.Īnd below that you’ll find a more detailed list, identifying all the apps and data on your phone and how much space they occupy. On an iPhone, Go to Settings > General > iPhone Storage Tap it to review a list of files, including older ones that you might be able to do without. Some Android phones have a “Free up space” button at the top of the main Storage screen. If you want to keep the app but reset it to a brand-new state, you can tap Storage > Clear data. Or under “Apps,” tap the app’s name and then Uninstall to remove it from your phone. For example, under “Audio,” long-press on one or more files and tap Delete. If the email address being used for iCloud, is not a valid, active email address you are able to change the email address associated with your Apple ID.If you drill down into the category, you can delete individual files or data. Also with the Apple ID that is being used for iCloud, you want it to be a valid, active email address because Apple will send you an email notifying you about the status of your device be it was found, or put in lost mode. You are able to change the iCloud account on the device so you each have your own account, and then you can properly set up Family Sharing, which would allow your family to have individual accounts with Apple and still share all of your purchases together. There are times when the Apple ID that is used for iCloud is being shared with your family members and some people will turn off everything to avoid getting family members data. You will need to know what account you are using in order to use Find My iPhone. Your Apple ID is used for your iCloud account. In this how-to I will discuss how to set up Find My iPhone, and how to use Find My iPhone.īefore we start discussing Find My iPhone, let’s have a brief discussion on the importance of having and knowing your Apple ID. New with iOS 8, you have the option to automatically send the location of the device to Apple when the battery is critically low. However, Find My iPhone did require the device to be turned on and connected to the internet in order for it to work completely. Recently, the police used Find My iPhone to track and save a woman’s life. This is a great benefit because when you locate your device using Find My iPhone, the device makes noise until it is found and will show you were it is located using Apple Maps. ![]() Now, Find My iPhone allows you to track the location of your device, be it an iPhone, iPad or iPod Touch, in case it gets lost or stolen. Find My iPhone was first released in June 2010 initially for the iPhone. ![]()
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![]() ![]() Our Haakaa Manual Breast Pump is lightweight, portable and the perfect tool for every baby bag. Forget expensive electric breast pumps that are difficult to use and impossible to clean – the haakaa breastpump doesn’t require any cords or assembly, smooth inside and extremely easy to clean that by simply boiling in water for 2-3 minutes. The award-winning and best-selling Haakaa Silicone Breast Pump, recommended by nursing mums, magazines, celebrities, doulas and lactation consultants all over the world! Make sure you’re giving your child the best by purchasing the original Haakaa-branded Manual Breast Pump! The Haakaa Silicone Breastpump lets you express milk using the power of natural suction! Simply squeeze, attach to your breast and let it work its magic. Original Product: Both packaging methods are genuine. All Haakaa Silicone Breast Pumps are made of high-quality food grade silicone and are BPA, PVC, lead and phthalate-free. While breastfeeding, attach it to the lateral breast to catch any let-down that would otherwise be lost in a disposable nursing pads., Mum’s breasts come in all kind of sizes, which is why we have designed our Haakaa Breast Pump flange to fit all kinds of breasts! They are also made with super soft silicone that is gentle and comfortable on sensitive skin., Every mum wants the best for the health of their baby, which is why we strive to create the most eco-friendly products we can. ![]() Use it on long distance trips, or anywhere you would like to express silently, discreetly and quickly. Forget expensive electric breast pumps that are difficult to use and impossible to clean – the haakaa breastpump doesn’t require any cords or assembly, smooth inside and extremely easy to clean that by simply boiling in water for 2-3 minutes., Our Haakaa Manual Breast Pump is lightweight, portable and the perfect tool for every baby bag. ![]() The award-winning and best-selling Haakaa Silicone Breast Pump, recommended by nursing mums, magazines, celebrities, doulas and lactation consultants all over the world! Make sure you’re giving your child the best by purchasing the original Haakaa-branded Manual Breast Pump!, The Haakaa Silicone Breastpump lets you express milk using the power of natural suction! Simply squeeze, attach to your breast and let it work its magic. ![]() ![]() ![]() The sound emanating from the Air's four speakers (which also support Spatial Audio) is so much better than a small form device like this should be capable of. The all-new colours are great too (we opted for the light gold Starlight, although the Midnight option was a tempter). At just 1.24kg, the MacBook Air M2 is Apple's lightest machine and also its thinnest, just 11.3mm deep. Read the full Dell OLED (2021) review Best portable laptopĪpple's latest M2 MacBook Air feels like a new chapter of Apple use, and one that will drag your laptop music making to another level. ![]() There’s a beefier 15” model further up the range, but for most people the XPS 13 makes for a pretty compelling package. This might not be the show stopping headline feature a music maker will go for, but if the laptop is to serve other purposes like watching films or generally staring at in wonder, then this just be the perfect option. The latest model features a 12th-generation Intel Core i5-1230U, and a fantastic InfinityEdge Anti-Glare display. As it stands, other than looking at high-spec elite gaming laptops, you’re not going to get a much better package for the money. The XPS range delivers similar levels of style, quality and performance to the MBP, but using Windows as its OS. They are billed as the ideal laptops for on-the-go creatives who don’t fancy signing up to the Apple walled-garden, and the closest Windows alternative to an Apple MacBook Pro. The Dell XPS line has built up a strong reputation thanks to its sleek design, gorgeous screens and powerful spec. Read the full Apple MacBook Pro 14” review Best Windows laptop Yes, it’s expensive - maxing out the configurator on Apple’s website shows you could be paying around £/$6,000 for the highest spec version, but if you can afford it there is literally no other machine capable of doing what this laptop can do. You can read the full results of our testing in the review, linked below. Configurable to include some frankly crazy specs, like up to 64GB of RAM and 8TB of SSD storage, this is a laptop for music production unlike any other. Making use of the newest M1 Pro or M1 Max chips, the 14” model now has enough in the way of processing power and cutting-edge performance to suit even the most demanding of creative professionals. But what has happened out of sight, within the body of the machine, has been completely enhanced though. It doesn’t have a flashy new design, or a vastly upgraded screen. So to look at the 2022 Apple MacBook Pro 14”, you might feel a little underwhelmed - we certainly were. If you’ve used Apple MacBook Pro models in the past, you’ll be well aware of the striking industrial design, Retina screens and the optimised marriage of in-house hardware and software combining to make a highly desirable, hugely capable laptop for music production. if you want more guidance, head to our buying advice section. So, the best laptop for music production should be powerful and lightweight, while also rocking a good battery capacity, for those situations where you’re away from mains power. Some of the highest spec, beefiest laptops also weigh a fair amount, and your shoulders will quickly tire of lugging those behemoths around. Instead, you need a laptop with enough power to handle the latest software and expanding file sizes, with enough juice in the tank to cope with whatever you may need down the line.įor any DJs or traveling musicians reading this guide, weight - and portability - is likely to be another major factor. While the basic requirement for most DAWs is a multi-core processor, around 4GB of RAM, and a few gigabytes of storage, this won't be enough for real-world applications.īuying a music laptop based on the ‘minimum recommended’ specs is a recipe for future angst and a need for an early upgrade. When it comes to choosing the best music production laptop for your home studio, you'll want to pay close attention to the power and memory specs of the machine you're eyeing. Regardless of which platform you opt for - Apple or Windows - there are some considerations that remain consistent. ![]() How we test laptops for music productionĪll of this is great for the consumer, as it gives us genuine choices when it comes to music production. ![]() ![]() With its off-set stainless steel blades, BlendJet creates a tornado effect inside the jar to make sure everything is blended with absolute precision, leaving no fruit, vegetable (or biscuit!) behind.īiscoff milkshakes aren't the only thing the blender can do, though we'd highly recommend giving that lush dessert a try. But what's its secret weapon? It all lies in the blades. The smart blender is also noticeably more powerful than the average Joe blender. Having now made milkshakes with both traditional and portable blenders, we found that the BlendJet 2’s results were smoother and had a better consistency when compared with standard blenders. But thanks to BlendJet’s portable streamlined design, you now can! For extra safety, a lock mode helps ensure nothing moves when the blender is in use or being transported. For one, you can’t just throw a bulky standard appliance into your backpack and go about your day. Until recently, it wasn’t possible to travel with a blender in tow. To find out how the BlendJet 2 compares with traditional mixers, we looked into what sets the intelligent blender apart. ![]() Measurement markings: The markers made measuring ingredients a lot easier – especially when scooping up ice cream that could have melted at any second. ![]() Pulse mode: Double press the main button to turn your blender into its food processing mode and pulverise chunkier ingredients like nuts, fruit and vegetables in a flash. In fact, when the whirring noise ends, it serves as a helpful additional indication that your mixing cycle is finished. Noise: As you’d expect, the blender is not silent in operation, but it’s not as noticeably loud as traditional blenders. It also means less washing up, wahoo!īattery: Once cleaned and dried, it takes just an hour and a half for the blender to fully charge, and once fully juiced-up you can do up to an impressive 15 mixes before needing to recharge. You can drink straight from the jar when you are on the go, so you don't need an extra cup when travelling. Portability: One of the biggest attractions of this gadget is undeniably its ultra-portability. Speed: It blends everything from ice to fruits to milkshakes in an impressive 20-second cycle. To give you the inside scoop, we’ve compiled a list of the gadget’s most attractive and useful features.ĭesign: Offering a variety of bright colours, we heartily recommend the baby blue colourway it is certainly more vibrant than a standard grey blender and adds a pop of colour to our kitchen counter. Read more: How to get your hands on everything Lotus Biscoff BlendJet 2 features - explainedĭespite its compact and lightweight build, this gadget packs some seriously powerful and smart features. ![]() Watching Netflix in the living room while making a mouth-watering milkshake ready to devour is our idea of living our best life. We must admit that it was pretty exciting to be able to make something delicious outside the kitchen. There was no mess, no lid to hold tight and nothing ended up on our ceiling because this blender covers everything! When you're ready to blend, you click the button and after 20 seconds the timer will flash, leaving you with a smooth and ultra-lush mixture. The blender was surprisingly easy to use, for the Biscoff milkshake we simply popped the ingredients into the jar. ![]() We loved the smoothness of the milkshake and it certainly met the high standards for our sweet tooth. Here's an easy five-ingredient Biscoff milkshake recipe we modified to serve two. Being Biscoff aficionados, we made an ever-so-lush Biscoff milkshake and it was everything we wanted. ![]() ![]() Chicago Bears 13 Houston Texans 32, Indianapolis Colts 31 Miami Dolphins 11. The Patriots and Colts played a tight game until the Patriots scored 21 unanswered points in the fourth quarter to win 4322. Thanks to a strong showing by Jonathan Taylor and their defense, the Colts managed a 27-17 win at home over the Patriots on Saturday to improve their standing in the AFC playoff race. Commercial reproduction, distribution or transmission of any part or parts of this website or any information contained therein by any means whatsoever without the prior written permission of the Club is not permitted. New England Patriots vs Buffalo Bills box score and players stats: scoring. Colts Week 15 Highlights NFL 2021 NFL 11M subscribers Subscribe 20K Share 1.9M views 1 year ago. a stacked box, in a three-point game the Colts have to have, against a team they havent beat in 12 years. ![]() This website is the only official website of the New England Patriots and is © Copyright New England Patriots (the "Club"). Colts Week 15 Highlights NFL 2021 - YouTube 0:00 / 14:26 Patriots vs. Indianapolis Colts vs New England Patriots - Novem FOX Sports COLTS PATRIOTS - NovemFired-up Patriots pass rushers pick up 9 sacks Gillette Stadium. Jonathan Taylor 67 yards to the house, vs. ![]() ![]() – Provides unlimited interactive practice on a lot of math topics.Create your own worksheets to complete on line – This site has flashcards and games for whole numbers, fractions, geometry and algebra.– Select a math SUBJECT (not grade) and find instruction, practice, and games on many different math topics and levels.This site is designed for adult students, is free, and has no ads. – Videos, web lessons, and interactive activities on different math topic.– Printable multilevel worksheets aligned with common core standards.This allows you to make and customize an unlimited number of printable math worksheets to your specifications instantly. – This site contains 90+ different math topics.The math worksheets are randomly generated.Because the difficulty of each worksheet can be controlled, this site would be especially useful for multilevel classrooms – Generate hundreds of worksheets on different topics including algebra, geometry, order of operations and integers with answers included.Some topics include good problem solving worksheets. – Customize worksheets using a worksheet generator and create PDF worksheets with answers.– Search for your math topic and find hundreds of ideas and blogs.It’s the largest open marketplace where teachers share, sell, and buy original educational resources. – Teachers Pay Teachers is a community of millions of educators who come together to share their work, their insights, and their inspiration with one another.– Graph functions, plot data, evaluate equations, explore transformations, and much more – for free!.The mission of is to improve math and science education through the effective use of modeling and simulation technologies. This site includes online activities for teachers to use with students.All these resources are free thanks to the support of Saddleback College, the California Basic Skills Initiative, and the Saddleback College Foundation. Algebra2Go – This site includes free video lectures, worksheets, quizzes, study guides, class notes, and web tools.– National Library of Virtual Manipulatives.Topics include whole numbers, fractions, and percents. Not your common math worksheets most have a visual component. ![]()
![]() ![]() A do-it-yourself move isn’t a good idea for everyone, so you might also consider the benefits of a full-service move or using a moving container. Truck Sizeīudget Truck Rentals might sound like a great option so far, but you should consider the pros and cons. The table below provides an explanation of how much can fit in each size truck. If you are in one of them, be prepared to pay.īudget Truck Rentals come in three main sizes: 12-foot, 16-foot, and 26-foot. Some jurisdictions levy taxes when you rent trucks to move. If you need moving blankets or hand trucks, you can rent them when making your reservation. If you need help, Budget Truck can help arrange labor to load or unload your truck for an additional fee. Remember: You’re only paying for the truck, not movers. So if you drive 10 miles at the example rate per mile of 0.79, you will be charged $7.90. For every mile you drive the truck you will be charged that amount. For local moves, you will be charged a specified rate per mile, for example, $0.79. You will be charged this amount every day until you return the truck. Budget leases trucks locally for a daily rate. Whether you’re moving locally or across state lines, these are the types of fees you should expect to encounter: Breaking down Budget’s truck rental feesīudget Truck Rental charges fees consistent with other moving truck rental companies. *Based on a single quote retrieved from Budget Truck for a rental from Atlanta, GA to Austin, TX on November 9, 2019. You may also be subject to late fees if you do not return your truck on time. Your quote may be affected by any other add-ons such as moving supplies, unloading help for hire, or protection coverage. For long-distance moves, you will be given a certain number of days to complete your move, but may request extra days at an additional cost if you need them. For example, renting a 12-foot Budget Truck to move from Atlanta to Austin, TX will cost $718*. You will be charged for every mile you drive from the time you pick up the truck until the time you drop it off.įor long-distance moves, you will be quoted an all-inclusive price with unlimited miles. If you’re moving locally, your budget truck rental quote will include two important prices. Understanding your Budget Truck Rental quote *Based on a single quote retrieved from Budget Truck for a rental in Atlanta, Georgia on November 9, 2019. Here’s more rental pricing information for a Budget Truck rental in Atlanta, Georgia: Truck Sizeīlankets, hand trucks, moving labor, protection plan, and roadside assistance ![]() All sizes will incur an additional mileage charge of $0.79 per mile. According to quotes from Budget there, a 12-foot or 16-foot Budget Truck rental goes for $49.99/day. Using promo codes or other discounts you find online can help reduce the price further.Īs an example of a local move, consider moving within Atlanta, Georgia. Local rentals typically have a daily rate plus mileage, while one-way rentals will have a fixed price. If you’re moving long-distance and require a one-way Budget truck rental, you can expect to pay considerably more than you would for a local in-town move. The cost of renting a budget truck depends on the size of the truck, the location you’re renting from, and how many days you need it. ![]() ![]() Want to find the perfect filter for your Instagram posts? Here are a few that we’re loving right now. This isn’t done to confuse you - just to keep you on your toes and to give you more creative options when posting to Instagram. The filters available for Instagram photos and videos that you share as posts are totally different than the ones available for your Stories. The best Instagram filters for photo and video posts Once you’ve found the perfect effect for your Story, just tap Done to apply it. These represent a blank face, meaning that the effects are intended to be applied to portraits or selfies. You’ll notice that many of the effect icons show an oval in the center. From there, all you have to do is scroll through the effects and tap on one to see it in action. You can access effects by tapping the smiley face icon at the top of your screen. Open Instagram Stories and add a photo or video. Experiment with Story filters to find out. While we love Oslo and Tokyo, you may find that Paris or Melbourne is the perfect filter to make your Story unique. When you find one you like, simply tap Your Stories to share it with your followers.Įach Instagram Story filter is named after a city around the world. There are 11 Story filters hidden within your Story screen. When used sparingly, Glitter is a fun way to show your viewers what matters most to you. This one is perfect for a subject that you really want to highlight - your favorite dessert, a new hairstyle, or an adorable kitten. ![]() Glitter: A story effect when you need a shower of glitterĮveryone could use a bit of glitter raining down on their favorite scene every now and then, and Glitter by Instagram does just that, highlighting your Story frame with yellow pricks of light that fade in and out as they gently fall across the screen. Add Prism Light, and just like that, you’ve got some magic to work with. This is useful for those scenes where there isn’t really a strong subject matter or focus. With it, you can transform the darkest landscape shot with a horizontal beam of rainbow-tinted light. Prism Light is another fun effect created by Instagram. (If you don’t have a human subject in your photo, you’ll get the same photo effect, minus the shades.) Prism Light: A subtle rainbow effect for skies and landscapes The sunglasses effect erases flaws, lowers saturation, and makes your Story look like a warm summer day in the 1960s. Not only does Sunglasses by Instagram add vintage sunglasses to the person in your photo or video, but it also washes them with a warm tint for a few seconds. Sunglasses: Like looking through vintage shades It also adds dramatic shadows and bright whites for the maximum wow factor. Tokyo is the only black-and-white filter available on Instagram Stories. ![]() If you like the look of Oslo, don’t stop at selfies - landscapes, food, and street scenes also look great behind the Oslo filter! Tokyo: An amazing black-and-white Story filterīlack and white isn’t always the best choice for posting to Instagram Stories, but when you need to douse the color, you can do it easily and beautifully with the Tokyo filter. It gently warms up skin tones and increases contrast for a look that is both natural and subtle. Oslo is our first choice for striking selfies. Oslo: The best Instagram Story filter for selfies Here are some of the best Instagram filters and effects we love to love. Effects, on the other hand, are more dramatic changes, adding new elements to your photo or video, including animation, digital makeup, or unusual patterns. Filters change the overall look of your photo and can make your photo warmer, cooler, or black and white. You may be wondering what the difference is between effects and filters for your Instagram Story. Want to make your Instagram Story stand out? Choose from several filters and effects (or both) before posting. Our favorite Instagram Story filters and effects Here are some of the best Instagram filters and effects, along with some tips for using them. ![]() And the best part is that it only takes seconds to edit and post your favorite shots. With Instagram, you can apply filters and effects seamlessly before posting. Want to make some edits to your photos or videos before posting them on Instagram for the world to see? Sure, there are hundreds of apps that let you apply filters and effects to your creations before you post them, but Instagram filters are still among the best. ![]() ![]() ![]() *Just a reminder that HDV (PAR 1.33) is not the same as HDTV (PAR 1.0) or DV/miniDV (PAR 0.91). Now the document is both adjusted for and previewing as square computer display pixels, so when you export the animated GIF, it appears as you expect in a web browser (see animation below). The prior suggestion of pdf is a great idea because legibility will be better maintained. Not sure of your method of getting the drawing to word so please describe. So, what I want for Christmas is a real solution to that problem. The window, it appears to me, is always 4:3 and the distortion seems to be a mathematical one. Despite inability to read the actual text due to resolution, I can tell that it is not skewed in its aspect ratio. The correct aspect-ratio is dictated by the medium, but the size and shape of the render (window) obviously does not consider the aspect-ratio that has been selected. So the problem is that the pixel aspect ratio was changed, but the image proportions were not adjusted to compensate, and that’s why the export appears stretched/squished.Ī way to get this right is to use Image > Image Size to correct the frame Width and Height to what they should be as square pixels, then set View > Pixel Aspect Ratio to Square. Hi, Your aspect ratio in your jpg appears to be ok. Then, without correcting the rectangular pixels, the animation was exported straight to animated GIF, which exports to the square pixels that are standard on computer displays. It looks OK, but it is not, because Photoshop is doing an HDV TV preview, not a computer display preview. When you open or create an HDV file in Photoshop, it automatically enables View > Pixel Aspect Ratio Correction (you can tell because it says “scaled” in the document tab), so Photoshop is previewing those rectangular pixels as they would appear played back as HDV* on a TV. That’s right, HDV pixels are rectangular, with a Pixel Aspect Ratio of 1.33, not like computer display pixels with are square (PAR 1:1). You found the key clue to the problem when you believe the pixels are rectangular, since the footage is HDV. The animated GIF I made below is clearly not 4:3. No, Photoshop and Premiere Pro can export animated GIFs at any aspect ratio. I've been thinking about how to tackle this problem but so far haven't found a working solution.Just went back into Premiere and changed the Sequence settings of my video to 4:3 and now it's working. Mathematically speaking this is correct, but a human would easily see this is actually 4:3. ![]() However, if the image is less perfect and has a resolution of 1200:901, I also get an aspect ratio of 1200:901. 1200:900, and I feed those into the get_aspect_ratio() function, I get a perfect result 4:3. ![]() These functions work perfectly if the image has perfect dimensions, e.g. Return round(aspect_width), round(aspect_height) Gcd = highest_common_factor(width,height) Get_current_resolution = subprocess.Popen(, stdin=screen_resolutions.stdout, stdout=subprocess.PIPE)Ĭurrent_resolution = get_current_municate().decode().split()Ĭurrent_width = int(current_resolution.split("x"))Ĭurrent_height = int(current_resolution.split("x")) Screen_resolutions = subprocess.Popen(, stdout=subprocess.PIPE) Return highest_common_factor(height,width%height) Stolen fron online, sometimes also reffered to as the GCD value""" """Support function to calculate the aspect ratio of a (width:height) input. I have the following functions to determine the aspect ratio: def highest_common_factor(width,height): Now, I want to check their aspect ratio and only show images that are the same as my screen's aspect ratio. Ok, so I have written a program that loads random images from an online source and then loads them one by one to my Gnome desktop on Arch Linux. ![]() ![]() ![]() Vazquez F, Gasciolli V, Crete P, Vaucheret H (2004) The nuclear dsRNA binding protein HYL1 is required for microRNA accumulation and plant development, but not posttranscriptional transgene silencing. Yu B, Yang Z, Li J, Minakhina S, Yang M, Padgett RW, Steward R, Chen X (2005) Methylation as a crucial step in plant microRNA biogenesis. Vazquez F, Vaucheret H, Rajagopalan R, Lepers C, Gasciolli V, Mallory AC, Hilbert JL, Bartel DP, Crete P (2004) Endogenous trans-acting siRNAs regulate the accumulation of Arabidopsis mRNAs. Mette MF, Aufsatz W, van der Winden J, Matzke MA, Matzke AJ (2000) Transcriptional silencing and promoter methylation triggered by double-stranded RNA. Zilberman D, Cao X, Jacobsen SE (2003) ARGONAUTE4 control of locus-specific siRNA accumulation and DNA and histone methylation. Curr Biol 15(16):1494–1500ĭunoyer P, Himber C, Voinnet O (2005) DICER-LIKE 4 is required for RNA interference and produces the 21-nucleotide small interfering RNA component of the plant cell-to-cell silencing signal. Gasciolli V, Mallory AC, Bartel DP, Vaucheret H (2005) Partially redundant functions of Arabidopsis DICER-like enzymes and a role for DCL4 in producing trans-acting siRNAs. Xie Z, Johansen LK, Gustafson AM, Kasschau KD, Lellis AD, Zilberman D, Jacobsen SE, Carrington JC (2004) Genetic and functional diversification of small RNA pathways in plants. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 77:205–212 Pikaard CS, Haag JR, Pontes OM, Blevins T, Cocklin R (2012) A transcription fork model for Pol IV and Pol V-dependent RNA-directed DNA methylation. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 21:297–318Ĭhapman EJ, Carrington JC (2007) Specialization and evolution of endogenous small RNA pathways. Meins F Jr, Si-Ammour A, Blevins T (2005) RNA silencing systems and their relevance to plant development. Pane A, Wehr K, Schupbach T (2007) zucchini and squash encode two putative nucleases required for rasiRNA production in the Drosophila germline. Girard A, Sachidanandam R, Hannon GJ, Carmell MA (2006) A germline-specific class of small RNAs binds mammalian Piwi proteins. Mol Cell 36(2):231–244Ĭhalker DL, Fuller P, Yao MC (2005) Communication between parental and developing genomes during tetrahymena nuclear differentiation is likely mediated by homologous RNAs. Gu W, Shirayama M, Conte D Jr, Vasale J, Batista PJ et al (2009) Distinct argonaute-mediated 22G-RNA pathways direct genome surveillance in the C. Pfeffer S, Zavolan M, Grasser FA, Chien M, Russo JJ, Ju J, John B, Enright AJ, Marks D, Sander C, Tuschl T (2004) Identification of virus-encoded microRNAs. Lagos-Quintana M, Rauhut R, Lendeckel W, Tuschl T (2001) Identification of novel genes coding for small expressed RNAs. Llave C, Kasschau KD, Rector MA, Carrington JC (2002) Endogenous and silencing-associated small RNAs in plants. Lau NC, Lim LP, Weinstein EG, Bartel DP (2001) An abundant class of tiny RNAs with probable regulatory roles in Caenorhabditis elegans. Reinhart BJ, Weinstein EG, Rhoades MW, Bartel B, Bartel DP (2002) MicroRNAs in plants. Hutvagner G, Mlynarova L, Nap JP (2000) Detailed characterization of the posttranscriptional gene-silencing-related small RNA in a GUS gene-silenced tobacco. Hamilton AJ, Baulcombe DC (1999) A species of small antisense RNA in posttranscriptional gene silencing in plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 77(9):5201–5205īrown T, Mackey K, Du T (2004) Analysis of RNA by northern and slot blot hybridization. Thomas PS (1980) Hybridization of denatured RNA and small DNA fragments transferred to nitrocellulose. Nat Protoc 1(2):518–525Īlwine JC, Kemp DJ, Stark GR (1977) Method for detection of specific RNAs in agarose gels by transfer to diazobenzyloxymethyl-paper and hybridization with DNA probes. Southern EM (1975) Detection of specific sequences among DNA fragments separated by gel electrophoresis. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor Sambrook J, Russell DW (2001) Molecular cloning. Finally, the value of northern blotting for dissecting small RNA biogenesis is shown using an example of virus infection in A. Known endogenous small RNAs are then analyzed in samples prepared from several model plants, including Arabidopsis thaliana, Nicotiana benthamiana, Oryza sativa, Zea mays, and Physcomitrella patens, as well as from the animals Drosophila melanogaster and Mus musculus. Blots spiked with synthetic standards are used to illustrate the detection specificity and sensitivity of DNA oligonucleotide probes. This chapter describes northern blot hybridization techniques for the detection of such small RNAs. These nucleic acid surveillance and gene silencing mechanisms rely upon the selective base-pairing of ~19–25 nt small RNAs to complementary RNA targets. Cells have evolved intricate RNA-directed mechanisms that destroy viruses, silence transposons, and regulate gene expression. ![]() |